ࡱ> @ xbjbj +uuMljjj( ...8f,4L2: ".DDDDD/L1L1L1L1L1L1L$MR4PhUL(DD((ULDDjL+++(DD/L+(/L++RHKD  !.)ILL0LIP)P<KPKDf$+!R$=DDDULULd*( Guinea-Bissau: Failed State Looking to Recover Update and Prospective From the International Peace and Prosperity Project (IPPP) January, 2006 Contents Overview: Guinea-Bissau on the Mend? Developments since June, 2005: Fitful but Democratic Transfer of Power Present Challenges: The Case Against Wait and See I. Overview: Guinea-Bissau on the Mend? This is the third report from the IPPP on the situation in Guinea-Bissau (GB), a country of 1.6 million people on the western tip of Africa that has been largely ignored by Western governments and the international media. Our first report in March, 2005 described how Guinea-Bissau, having experienced a putsch in the Armed Forces in October 2004 and facing a critical presidential election in 2005, risked a return to its habit ever since independence of recurrent factional conflict. This would keep it mired in the economic stagnation that had prevailed since a devastating near-civil war in 1998-99. After that war, several donors left Guinea-Bissau who have not returned. However, that report was pointedly entitled Mission Possible: A Ripe Opportunity to Avert Violent Conflict and Achieve Sustainable Peace in Guinea-Bissau because the country was also showing signs that it might be finally transcending its history and maturing into an era of peaceful politics. We argued that it needed specific assistance to ensure that result. Fortunately, our subsequent Update in June, 2005 was able to report a volatile election campaign which nevertheless unfolded peacefully. Although the initial elections results were inconclusive, were protested with some minor violent incidents, and required a run-off election, it proceeded remarkably smoothly and was deemed free and fair by international election observers deployed throughout the country. The present Update picks up the story with the second, run-off presidential election held in July. It briefly describes the outcome and its aftermath in the eventual formation of a new government and how Guinea-Bissau continued to contain threats to its stability through the focused efforts of several key national, regional, and international actors. This report concludes that Guinea-Bissau now appears ready to advance economically and to reinforce its fragile democracy by tackling its basic development and governance problems. The developments we have recounted over the past year illustrate how there is nothing inevitable about continued state failure. Ranked 187 in the UN human development index out of 192, Guinea-Bissau, which won its independence from Portugal in 1974, exhibits in its own way the complex of problems in backwater African and other societies that the governments of wealthy societies and the UN and other international agencies since 9/11 have become increasingly concerned about under the rubric of fragile or failed states. GBs problems have included general poverty, falling incomes, political instability, autocracy, destructive war, a weak state, corruption, postponed elections, cronyism, disease, locusts, drought, regional insecurity, and recently, increasing drug trafficking. And yet, GB in the last year seems to be struggling to emerge out of economic decay and to transcend its frequent coups by working within the framework of democratic procedures and institutions. This progress occurred, not because of some invisible hand mystically determining the countrys destiny, but because of specific timely and politically-relevant acts of diplomacy and aid that were undertaken by certain domestic and external organizations, governmental and non-governmental. These efforts helped to discourage GBs key leaders from exploiting crises and encouraged them to form workable relationships, thus creating a possible foundation for further development and political progress. Of course, GBs would-be success story of recovery has barely begun and may not continue. This report concludes with suggestions of actions by international and domestic actors that are essential if the momentum that was started in 2005 is to be maintained through 2006 and beyond. In the absence of such international follow-through, GB could easily slide back into the uncertainty and lack of forward movement that invites political opportunists to exploit social deterioration. The concluding section describes some pressing needs that should be the focus of targeted international support in order to keep GB on a path to peace and prosperity. It reviews the plans of the IPPP in particular to help identify and energize such activities and to promote complementarity among them. Guinea-Bissau is a microcosm of the circumstances in the marginalized parts of the developing world. It is thus a test case of whether the leading actors in the international community are truly able to respond to the renewed post 9/11 anti-poverty and broader development agenda that they have set for themselves, even where the opportunities to do so are likely to bear real fruit. II. Developments since June, 2005: Fitful but Democratic Transfer of Power As the scheduled presidential election approached in early 2005, the former President Kumba Yala, who had won a landslide victory in 2000 but was deposed by a bloodless coup in 2003 and signed an agreement not to return to politics because of his eccentric and failed administration, maneuvered instead to become an eligible candidate. Because he came from the GBs largest ethnic group, the Balanta, who also constitute the bulk of the armed forces, this tactic worried observers that the election would proceed under an implicit threat. Whatever the legal merits of his case, the High Court ruled in his favor, a compromise also favored by the regional body ECOWAS for the sake of stability. As it happened, in the first round of the election, Kumba Yala lost badly to the two other leading candidates, both of whom were also past presidents. Joao Bernardo Nino Vieira had instigated a coup in 1980. Elected president in the countrys first truly multi-party elections in 1994, he was removed after the devastating civil war of 1998-99. Returning from his years in exile, Vieira entered the race as an independent, thus leaving his longtime party, the PAIGC, and running against its chosen candidate, Malam Bacai Sinha. Vieira won a close run-off election with Sinha in late July whose results, although declared valid by international observers, were disputed until after the High Court ruled in Vieiras favor. In his inaugural speech on October 1st, Vieira urged national reconciliation and pledged close cooperation with the standing government led by Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Junior. A PAIGC-led government under Gomes had been elected in March 2004 and still held a majority of seats in the National Assembly. Efforts to overcome discord between the government and the new President broke down later that month, however. Vieira then dismissed the government and sacked the incumbent Prime Minister, sparking demonstrations by PAIGC supporters. President Vieira appointed as the new Prime Minister Aristide Gomes, his former campaign manager and one of 14 MPs who had left the PAIGC to join Vieira. A former official of the African Development Bank, Aristide Gomes holds a doctorate in economics. Vieira also set up a new party, the FCD, and formed a ruling coalition with other parties. In the new government, Kumba Yalas PRS Party obtained five ministerial portfolios and five state secretary positions. The new coalition thus now holds 53 of the 100 seats. Although the PAIGCs majority was lost, the incumbent Prime Minister resisted stepping down for a time, and though he then relented, the PAIGC claimed that under the Constitution it could nominate the Prime Minister because it was still the largest party in Parliament. Although the new PM Aristide Gomes pledged to work with all parties and donors, an IMF delegation that visited later in October left the country without making a commitment to support, citing the lack of a clear government interlocutor. It also announced the postponement of the anticipated donors roundtable, and was reported as saying that political stability was a precondition to further talks about foreign assistance. The donors conference has been postponed several times since that time. Throughout these disputes over elections and government, several domestic and external stakeholders maintained pressure on GBs various leaders to follow peaceful dialogue and to abide by the law, and some third party organizations were active in mediation. During the election campaign and the two elections, Armed Forces Chief of Staff General Tagme Na Wai made clear that GBs armed forces would stay in their barracks and not intervene in favor of any one party, but would protect the democratic process. The regional body, Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS) worked through its local representatives and several visits by Nigerian President Olesangun Obusanjo to reiterate the organizations norm that prohibits disruptions of the democratic process, and they fostered dialogues among the rival candidates. Appointed as an envoy to Guinea-Bissau by the UN Secretary General, former president of Mozambique Chissano visited GB and facilitated dialogues. The European Union (EU) sent a team to assist the Elections Commission and to observe the elections. Also, a newly formed civil society group, the Citizens Good Will Task Force (CGWTF) had formed before the election (with IPPP support). It committed the candidates to an electoral code of conduct. Disseminated throughout the country, the code bound them to avoid divisive campaign messages and to accept the outcomes certified by appropriate authorities. The CGWTFs posters and tee shirts also encouraged voters to avoid being swayed by ethnicized rhetoric. It organized candidate debates and met with interested outside parties such as Senegal President Wade to urge them to remain neutral for the poll. It (with IPPP support) provided assistance to a team of nonpartisan journalists so that reporting could be informative, accurate and balanced. As noted in the EU election observers final report, the CGWTF also helped to preserve calm around polling stations by dispatching citizen peace brigades. Several initiatives have begun the long process of rationalizing and professionalizing GBs bloated but poorly equipped military forces. Security sector reform is widely recognized as one of the countrys keys to peace and development. The UN through its local peacebuilding mission UNOGBIS, and its head, Joao Bernardo Honwana, the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General in Guinea-Bissau, completed an agreement to work with the government through UNDP on a program of security sector reform, with support from Brazil. UNOGBIS has initiated a weapons collection program as well. As a gesture of support for the principle of non-interference in politics, the IPPP provided a small grant to the Armed Forces to be used to begin the upgrading of military facilities and to encourage reconciliation within the armed forces. UNOGBIS also contracted with the War-Torn Societies Program, based in Geneva, to carry out a program through INEP, GBs leading research group, which will be aimed at reconciliation and consensus-building starting at the grass-roots level. Finally, it has supported a project by the Dutch NGO, SNV, to conduct conflict resolution training for the Parliament. During this time, GB also faced a major cholera epidemic and was unable to provide enough money for teachers salaries so the schools were delayed in opening. UNICEF, WHO and other international agencies helped alleviate these crises. III. Present Challenges: The Case Against Wait and See As mentioned, fragile and failed states have risen to the top of the security and development agendas of the UN, the EU, the US and other governments, and several inter-governmental bodies. It is now widely accepted that pervasive poverty, corruption and ineffective government security and other services tend to breed and export violent conflicts; transnational problems such as drug and human trafficking, organized crime, and communicable diseases; extremisms of various kinds; and possibly terrorism. Accordingly, outside agencies have to approach fragile or failed states in special ways that are different from how more stable and secure developing countries are approached. Whereas in the latter societies, outsiders can assume the existence and functioning of basic governing structures through which they can implement various sectoral development programs such as in health and so on, such environments cannot be assumed to operate in failed or weak states. These states often cannot adequately provide many basic services and even security to their own people. Consequently, development in such settings in large part has itself to create or foster these governing and societal capacities. This requires a more hands-on, deeper, form of engagement. Thus, the alphabet soup of conventional development aid planning tools such as Watching Briefs, PRSPs, CCAs and DAFs are now being reoriented so they are more conflict-sensitive and attuned to state weaknesses and thus adapted to these particular environments. Consequently, notwithstanding that the countries leaders themselves must take the right steps and assume responsibility, it is no longer sufficient to take a stance that waits and sees if such working environments materialize on their own. Technical macro-economic criteria for deciding whether to re-engage should not have a chilling effect on the specific pro-active initiatives that are needed to build these working environments. It is also now acknowledged that to achieve these more sustaining environments and governing processes, the concerned third party actors need to show more cross-government, inter-agency cooperation in their own operations, so as to cut across the areas of development, diplomacy, democracy-building, humanitarian aid, security. Similarly, more multilateral collaboration in specific countries is required so as to achieve multiplier effects. Getting Serious about so-called Failed States. There is a risk, however, that applying the failed state label in a broad brush way might exaggerate the difficulties of working in and with specific poor societies with weak states such as Guinea-Bissau. Only where they take the most dire and extreme forms, such as areas of Somalia today, is it virtually impossible for outsiders to carry out development and institution-building because of a lack of security and government capacity, and thus they are very difficult to assist. In all but a few instances, fragile or failed states possess viable local capabilities, which if helped through concrete and targeted efforts, can show discernible development results. International agencies need to carefully discriminate among different conflict-prone or post-conflict societies in terms of such circumstances as the recency, scale, and kinds of violence they have experienced. If the latest policy discourse about state failure becomes simply a blanket label thrown over the poorest, struggling countries so that they are assumed to be beyond significant recovery, it would serve, not as the intended more discriminating guide to effective action in such settings, but simply as a rationalization for uncritical neglect and equivocal donor commitments. As listed above, Guinea-Bissau epitomizes many of the conditions of a failed state. Even if it further democratizes, its weak state services, large Muslim and other potentially competing ethnic and religious groups, the potential for squander of its abundant yet largely untapped natural resources, open borders, and the prospect of increasing drug trafficking, Guinea-Bissau is vulnerable to further instability and potential extremism, unless emerging social tensions and political disputes can be managed peacefully. However, Guinea-Bissau today is far from being anomic or writhing in turmoil. It is now over five years since the war there. A visitor to GBs small-scale, unassuming capital finds it run down but pleasant and moderately bustling, posing no threat to ones security through an apparently largely self-policing sense of order. Its countryside is largely quiet and tranquil. Moreover, Guinea-Bissau actually has a number of important factors going for it. To name a few: Save for the 1998-99 war, GBs factional conflicts have never mobilized large numbers of citizens to take up violence and arms, and inter-ethnic tensions are not salient. Its subsequent intra-elite rivalry has not spilled over into the streets, save for some demonstrations and burning of tires by party youths, which police have quickly dispelled. Though factionalism among military and political leaders has not ended, it may be on the wane especially to the extent that it is being increasingly disallowed by a civil society and international actors. Since assuming the Chief of Staff position, General Tagme has resisted pressures to use the military to support any particular political faction and instead has used them to ensure order against disruptive political acts. The principle of neutrality in service to the state has been voiced and is being enforced. Adherence to agreed-on democratic procedures and rules, although sometimes bent a bit, do discipline its leaders behavior, and its free media and newly aroused civil society are becoming recognized as a social force that they must reckon with. The splintering of the PAIGC Party, formed from GBs liberation army and dominant ever since, has created discord but it might reflect a more truly pluralistic and enduring party system. A strong potential for economic growth through better use, marketing and management of its abundant agricultural and mineral resources and fisheries. A number of concerned outside bodies that are regularly monitoring developments in Guinea-Bissau, such as the UN Security Council and the UN ECOSOC Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Countries Emerging from Conflict. Yet each of these elements will die on the vine unless further and more concerted attention is given to making consistent progress through hands-on commitments by international bodies. It is when societies begin to transition to democracy when the greatest risks to stability occur, not when they are still in the grip of authoritarian politics. The behavioral culture of a political military has not been eradicated throughout the ranks. If left unconstrained, political fights over time can morph into wider conflict, such as inter-ethnic violence. Already, as described above, several outside governments and organizations have been addressing particular problems such as landmines and cashew production. Greece, for example, recently donated $471,000 to the UNs World Food Program in Guinea-Bissau. Another interesting example also is the Chinese government, which apparently is taking a long term view toward very poor, politically unstable societies that however have future promise and possess underutilized natural resources, such as GBs potential offshore oil reserves. In Guinea-Bissau, China financed the construction of a new National Assembly building and in November stepped in to provide 3.7 million dollars in support of the governments budget. Many of these efforts fill basic needs such as providing food to groups at high risk of malnutrition, dealing with locusts, paying civil servants, keeping schools open, and relieving disease. But GB will begin to make discernible progress when its government can move beyond coping with one crisis after another, and instead take on itself the inauguration and implementation of specific programs for wealth and job creation expansion, building an infrastructure to foster more robust national and regional commerce and trade, improving protection of property and investment, ensuring wise exploitation and management of GBs natural resource, and strengthening health care and education. There are some obvious things that can be done that will show definite results, including building adequate infrastructure, upgrading the port facilities, supporting a functioning civil service, and restarting some promising programs that began before the war to promote enterprises, such as promoting the tourism industry and supporting cashew nut processing. To date, the near-constant preoccupation of top leaders with the threat of coups has kept the government from concentrating on devising and implementing such ongoing, coherent policies and programs. These intra-mural tensions have to be kept from combusting again into debilitating personality and factional disputes that can take violent forms, and the bubbling political brew of energies, emotions, and contending interests within GBs political elite and their followers must be continuously poured instead into the standing vessels of GBs institutionalized politics -- lawmaking through the Assembly, the implementation of services through professional ministries, adjudication of disputes through Courts, the Electoral Commission, security through a non-political security services, processes and mechanisms for reconciliation, and so on. These protected political spaces will allow the kind of detailed consultations to go forward that can produce effective programs and thus garner adequate international support. Competent ministries are needed to implement the programs so they are not vitiated through corruption. The evidence of positive results need not be immediate and dramatic. It simply has to be concrete, consistent and visible enough to give hope to most Guineans that a better tomorrow is to be obtained by continuing to follow the same promising path. Progressively, that appearance disheartens any aspiring leaders who would seek to persuade a following to join them in some ethnic or sectarian program or some other extremism, for they have the burden of proof that their divisive path would gain more than the inclusive one that is already unfolding. And such a scenario shows ambitious individuals that there are alternative ways to enjoy power and improve ones living style through constructive, peace activities. Thus in December, the UN Security Council urged governments to step forward to support quick impact projects that can pave the way. The sheer increased presence of more international actors in support of these directions would itself provide more eyes and ears that promote a positive direction and monitor the extent of progress. Possibly, however, the current GB situation is not being sufficiently tracked, examined and understood. The IPPP is not aware of any recent efforts by major international donors to do a thorough, updated assessment of the needs, capacities and degree of risk in doing development in Guinea-Bissau. The seeming reluctance of some donors to return may be due, not to any considered analysis and judgment, but simply to organizational inertia and a lack of keeping abreast of what is beginning to happen there. To redress this lag, updating is called for. The urgent priorities and the critical needs in each such failed case are not necessarily system-wide, can be easily detected through deliberate assessment, and each aspect can be alleviated through selective and carefully targeted development, diplomatic and other efforts. In short, the Guinea-Bissau story suggests it is time for international organizations that have been issuing policy papers about the need to prevent and rebuild failed states to get serious about this problem and put their policy statements and tools into operation. Current Plans of the International Peace and Prosperity Project (IPPP) The IPPP project in particular is turning to a new phase in its efforts since 2004 to help foster more concerted and focused attention on the remaining obstacles to peace and prosperity. In mid-February, it will convene in Guinea-Bissau a multi-actor consultation comprising a group of representatives of the government, civil society, international NGOs, and intergovernmental bodies. The aim of this dialogue is to build upon other recent efforts to envision a peace and security strategy for GB by jointly: examining analytically the current threats to and opportunities for peace and prosperity, inventorying what is already being done by various actors and their effectiveness in order to identify possible gaps, setting realistic priorities and feasible actions that target the remaining needs and add value to current efforts, stimulate and implement specific efforts to address these and obtain funding establish a monitoring process to ensure continued progress. Selected References Joshua Forrest, Guinea-Bissau, Chapter 7 in Necla Tshirgi, Francesco Mancini, and Michael Lund, editors, Critical Connections between Security and Development (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, forthcoming in 2006) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Senior Level Forum on Development Effectiveness in Fragile States, Background Papers, January 13-14, 2005. Overseas Development Institute, National Poverty Reduction Strategies in Conflict-Affected Countries in Africa, PRSP Briefing Note No. 6, March 2003. United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary General on developments in Guinea-Bissau and on the activities of the United Nations Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau, S/2005/752. December 2, 2005. Annex: The IPPP Origins and Vision The IPPP is a team of international professionals who have systematically gathered the lessons of successful and unsuccessful conflict prevention and are experienced in the skills of peacebuilding in Africa and other regions of the world. In 2004, the team identified Guinea-Bissau as one of several countries that face the prospect of further instability in the coming months and years but are also able to take preventive action through local leadership. The IPPP seeks to play a catalytic role in assisting Guinea-Bissau citizens, the national government, and international actors to implement concrete actions through dialogue, focused problem-solving, and global advocacy to obtain international resources. In these ways, IPPP endeavors to help manage the disruptive tensions and disputes that arise over social and political change so they do not escalate into destructive violence, and to strengthen the governing, economic and other institutions that are needed to advance peace and prosperity. IPPP came into being out of the motivation of Mr. Milt Lauenstein, a retired American business executive and avid reader about international affairs. Milt Lauenstein is providing the seed money for the Guinea-Bissau initiative which has been active in and on behalf of Guinea-Bissau since October, 2004. The IPPP is housed at the Canadian International Institute of Applied Negotiation (CIIAN) in Ottawa, Canada. CIIAN is dedicated to the prevention and resolution of destructive conflict at the local, national and international levels. For more info on CIIAN please see:  HYPERLINK "http://www.ciian.org" http://www.ciian.org For more information on IPPP or to provide your suggestions, comments, or support, please contact: Ben Hoffman, Project Director, at  HYPERLINK "mailto:hoffmanben@hotmail.com" hoffmanben@hotmail.com , or Michael Lund, Senior Technical Advisor, at  HYPERLINK "mailto:mslund@verizon.net" mslund@verizon.net.  About the activities and origins of IPPP, see Appendix A.  In one bizarre incident before the elections, the followers of Kumba Yala took over the Presidential Palace, claiming it was already his to occupy. Though Tagme and the Army are also Balanta, he immediately pressured them and they gave up the ploy.  Guinea-Bissau is the worlds fifth largest producer of raw cashew nuts (source:  HYPERLINK "http://www.enterpriseworks.org/prog_profile_treecrops_gb.asp" http://www.enterpriseworks.org/prog_profile_treecrops_gb.asp )  Forrest (2006). See References.  Such as the Goree I & II processes before the war.  This analysis will include among others, the themes of reconciliation, good governance, and economic development. 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